溶解性有机氮乙酰胺氯化生成饮用水THMs的影响因素研究

氯化消毒可以有效杀灭细菌,但同时会产生危害人体健康的消毒副产物(DBPs).溶解性有机氮(DON)是DBPs的重要前体物,为考察DON对THMs的影响,首次选取乙酰胺(AcAm)作为前体物DON的代表物质,采用Plackett-Burman和Box-Behnken方法设计试验,考察了AcAm初始浓度、加氯量、pH、温度、溴离子浓度和反应时间等因素对三卤甲烷(THMs)生成的影响.结果表明,在AcAm生成THMs的过程中,AcAm初始浓度、pH和反应温度3个因素的影响程度较小,溴离子、有效氯和反应时间3因素的影响较大,其中溴离子的影响最为显著.溴离子浓度一定时,改变有效氯的含量,生成的THMs总量变化不大,溴离子对THMs的生成有一定的催化作用,控制溴离子的浓度是减少AcAm生成THMs的有效措施.在有效氯为8.77 mg/Ｌ、溴离子为0.77 mg/Ｌ及接触时间为6.20 h的条件下,THMs存在最大生成量为45.82 μg/L.随着反应时间的推移,溴分配系数n呈上升趋势,控制消毒反应时间,是减少THMs致癌风险的有效方法.同时探讨了AcAm生成THMs的反应路径,表述了溴离子的催化作用机制.     

碘代乙酸体外暴露诱导斑马鱼(Danio rerio)淋巴细胞内源性凋亡可能机理研究

以斑马鱼(Danio rerio)为试验生物,经淋巴细胞体外暴露试验,从细胞内源性凋亡角度,研究了饮用水消毒副产物—碘代乙酸诱导斑马鱼淋巴细胞损伤的致毒机理.结果表明,在碘代乙酸的环境浓度1μg·L-1下暴露24、36、48和96 h后,细胞凋亡率从对照组的3.52%分别增加到15.89%、22.47%、40.76%和52.13%,与对照组差异均为极显著(p0.01);线粒体膜电位分别较对照组下降了32.9%、50.1%、68.6%和81.5%,与对照组差异均为极显著(p0.01);细胞色素C的相对释放量分别增加了0.85、1.37、1.86和2.66倍,与对照组差异均为极显著(p0.01).暴露36、48和96 h后,Caspase-3酶活性分别增加了0.49、0.86和1.43倍,与对照组差异均为极显著(p0.01);Caspase-9酶活性分别增加了0.73、1.41和1.88倍,与对照组差异均为极显著(p0.01);抑制凋亡Bcl-2基因的相对表达量分别下降27.0%、35.3%和52.3%,与对照组差异均为极显著(p0.01);而促进凋亡的Bax基因相对表达量分别增加1.1、2.3和3.2倍,与对照组差异均为极显著(p0.01).碘代乙酸体外诱导斑马鱼淋巴细胞凋亡的可能机制是,线粒体膜电位的崩溃导致细胞色素C持续从线粒体中释放,进而引起细胞凋亡下游通路的变化;Bcl-2基因和Bax基因明显参与了对凋亡的调控.此外,Caspase-9酶的活化导致Caspase-3酶活化,最终引起细胞凋亡.     

Disinfection byproducts in drinking water and regulatory compliance: A critical review

Disinfection by-products (DBPs) are regulated in drinking water in a number of countries. This critical review focuses on the issues associated with DBP regulatory compliance, including methods for DBP analysis, occurrence levels, the regulation comparison among various countries, DBP compliance strategies, and emerging DBPs. The regulation comparison between China and the United States (US) indicated that the DBP regulations in China are more stringent based on the number of regulated compounds and maximum levels. The comparison assessment using the Information Collection Rule (ICR) database indicated that the compliance rate of 500 large US water plants under the China regulations is much lower than that under the US regulations (e.g. 62.2% versus 89.6% for total trihalomethanes). Precursor removal and alternative disinfectants are common practices for DBP regulatory compliance. DBP removal after formation, including air stripping for trihalomethane removal and biodegradation for haloacetic acid removal, have gained more acceptance in DBP control. Formation of emerging DBPs, including iodinated DBPs and nitrogenous DBPs, is one of unintended consequences of precursor removal and alternative disinfection. At much lower levels than carbonaceous DBPs, however, emerging DBPs have posed higher health risks.     

再生水消毒副产物的检测、生成与控制

在水资源紧缺的当下,污水再生利用是一项重要的环保战略更是资源战略.消毒能有效杀灭病菌和阻断介水疾病的传播,是保障再生水用水安全的重要手段.然而,消毒剂会不可避免地与水中有机物发生反应形成具有毒害效应的消毒副产物.围绕污水在再生消毒过程中所产生的消毒副产物,针对其检测识别方法、生成条件（前体物、消毒工艺及水质条件对消毒副产物生成的影响）以及控制方法（源头控制、过程控制及末端控制）进行综述.在此基础上,对再生水消毒副产物的未来研究动态进行了探讨,可为保障再生水的安全利用提供依据.     

饮用水消毒副产物:化学特征与毒性

饮用水消毒过程中消毒剂与天然有机物(NOMs)反应生成消毒副产物(DBPs).本文针对氯、氯胺、二氧化氯、臭氧4种主要消毒方式产生的消毒副产物,综述了10类DBPs的化学特性、毒性和分析方法.具体包括:三卤甲烷(THMs)、卤乙酸(HAAs)、溴酸盐(BrO3-)、亚氯酸盐(CIO2-)、卤乙腈(HANs)、致诱变化合...     

Effects of reductive inorganics and NOM on the formation of chlorite in the chlorine dioxide disinfection of drinking water

Chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) disinfection usually does not produce halogenated disinfection by-products, but the formation of the inorganic by-product chlorite (ClO₂^–) is a serious consideration. In this study, the ClO₂^– formation rule in the ClO₂ disinfection of drinking water was investigated in the presence of three representative reductive inorganics and four natural organic matters (NOMs), respectively. Fe²⁺ and S^2– mainly reduced ClO₂ to ClO₂^– at low concentrations. When ClO₂ was consumed, the ClO₂^– would be further reduced by Fe²⁺ and S^2–, leading to the decrease of ClO₂^–. The reaction efficiency of Mn²⁺ with ClO₂ was lower than that of Fe²⁺ and S^2–. It might be the case that MnO₂ generated by the reaction between Mn²⁺ and ClO₂ had adsorption and catalytic oxidation on Mn²⁺. However, Mn²⁺ would not reduce ClO₂^–. Among the four NOMs, humic acid and fulvic acid reacted with ClO₂ actively, followed by bovine serum albumin, while sodium alginate had almost no reaction with ClO₂. The maximum ClO₂^– yields of reductive inorganics (70%) was higher than that of NOM (around 60%). The lower the concentration of reductive substances, the more ClO₂^– could be produced by per unit concentration of reductive substances. The results of the actual water samples showed that both reductive inorganics and NOM played an important role in the formation of ClO₂^– in disinfection.     

Effect of NOM characteristics on brominated organics formation by ozonation

In this study, organic fractions, namely, humic acid, fulvic acid, hydrophobic base and neutral, and hydrophilic acid, base, and -neutral, were extracted from source water. First, the characteristics of the organic fractions, such as carboxylic acidity, phenolic acidity, ultraviolet absorbance, and aromatic content, were analyzed. Further, a systematic study was carried out to the by-products obtained when organic fractions, to which various amounts of bromide had been added, were oxidized with ozone. Samples after ozonation were analyzed for several brominated organics. The results indicate that the characteristics of the aquatic organic matter, including carboxylic/phenolic acidity, aromatic/aliphatic content, and ultraviolet absorbance, appear to affect the formation of halogenated organics. In general, hydrophobic organics having higher phenolic acidity, aromatic content, and ultraviolet absorbance have higher ozone consumption and produce higher concentrations of brominated organics than hydrophilic organics. It was also found that humic acid demonstrated the highest bromoform (CHBr(3)), dibromoacetic acid (DBAA), and 2,4-dibromophenol (2,4-DBP) formation, whereas hydrophilic neutral produced less CHBr(3) and 2,4-DBP than the rest of the organic fractions but produced the highest amount of dibromoacetone (DBAC) and dibromoacetonitrile (DBAN).     

城市污水厂二级生物处理出水氯消毒影响因素研究

进行了城市污水厂二级生物处理出水氯消毒影响因素研究,结果表明:对次氯酸钠,二氧化氯消毒效果影响最大的是pH,其次是有机氮,COD,氨氮的影响相对较小。运用Selleck-Collins公式对数据进行分析。     

饮用水消毒过程中卤代烃的形成和控制

研究了饮用水消毒过程中卤代烃形成的各种条件及控制技术。结果表明：加氯量多时卤代烃形成多、水温高时卤代烃生成快、加凝聚剂后因pH值下降能控制卤代烃形成、加氨氮后生成氯胺可进一步降低饮用水中的卤代烃。     

Trihalomethane formation in ozonated and chlorinated surface water

The relatively recent discovery of disinfection by-products has driven the main regulatory organisms to set maximum contaminant levels for certain substances in drinking water. Trihalomethanes can be deemed as the most important group of by-products in chlorinated surface waters. The present work has focused on trihalomethane formation in a full-scale water treatment plant. We studied the effect of several factors, including ozonation, on trihalomethane levels in chlorinated treated water. The treatment scheme also includes an ozonation step. Electronic Publication